![]() In the modern era, scientists have continued to refine the theorem of electromagnetism to take into account the effects of modern physics, including quantum mechanics and relativity. Gamma-rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves were all determined to be electromagnetic radiation differing only in their range of frequencies. Maxwell postulated that such waves make up visible light, which was later shown to be true. Maxwell's equations provided a sound mathematical basis for the relationships between electricity and magnetism that scientists had been exploring for centuries, and predicted the existence of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves. This process culminated in the 1860s with the discovery of Maxwell's equations, a set of four partial differential equations which provide a complete description of classical electromagnetic fields. ![]() In the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent scientists and mathematicians such as Coulomb, Gauss and Faraday developed namesake laws which helped to explain the formation and interaction of electromagnetic fields. However, it wasn't until the late 18th century that scientists began to develop a mathematical basis for understanding the nature of electromagnetic interactions. Many ancient civilizations, including the Greeks and the Mayans, created wide-ranging theories to explain lightning, static electricity, and the attraction between magnetized pieces of iron ore. ![]() Electromagnetism also plays several crucial roles in modern technology: electrical energy production, transformation and distribution light, heat, and sound production and detection fiber optic and wireless communication sensors computation electrolysis electroplating and mechanical motors and actuators.Įlectromagnetism has been studied since ancient times. Meanwhile, magnetic interactions between the spin and angular momentum magnetic moments of electrons also play a role in chemical reactivity such relationships are studied in spin chemistry. Electric forces also allow different atoms to combine into molecules, including the macromolecules such as proteins that form the basis of life. The electrostatic attraction between atomic nuclei and their electrons holds atoms together. The electromagnetic force is responsible for many of the chemical and physical phenomena observed in daily life. Macroscopic charged objects are described in terms of Coulomb's law for electricity, Ampère's force law for magnetism the Lorentz force describes microscopic charged particles. These two forces are described in terms of electromagnetic fields. Electric forces cause an attraction between particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with the same charge, while magnetism is an interaction that occurs between charged particles in relative motion. ![]() Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles. Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, which are distinct but closely intertwined phenomena. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. ![]()
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